  -2022
  

[   (1707-1947 .)|
:    :100
:          ,        
           
-
1.   , 1757 .       
2. 1857    , ,       

-
3.           ?  ,  
   
4.         
-
5. 1885  1905   
   ,      
6.             ?
-
7. 1909  -        
8.       ?       
  -2022
  

[   (1707-1947 .)|
:    :100
:          ,        
           
-
1.   , 1757 .       
:󷋃󷋄󷋅󷋆   (1757 .):      
         , ,  
                
  ()               
              ,  
             , 23  1757  
          
󷇮󷇭:     
1757  ,    ,    -     
     ,  1707          
     ,           
  ,  ,  ,        
              ,
, 1756    ,        
                
      ,        
 
        ,       
    ,           
 ,         
󽀰󽀱󽀲󽀳󽀷󽀸󽀴󽀹󽀵󽀶  
           -       
  -        
1.󹳎󹳏      
        ,  18    ,  
          ,    
         ""        ,
    -            , 
     
,         ,      
            
2.󷬗󷬘󷬙󷬚󷬛  
      ,          
               
   ,            
3.󹲎󹲏󹲐󹲑  
 1756 ,              
              ,  
          "     "  
  
            -  ,
            
4.󹿶󹿷󹿸󹿹󹿺󹿻󹿼󹿽󹿾󹿿󺀍󺀎󺀀󺀁󺀂󺀃󺀄󺀅󺀆󺀇󺀏󺀐󺀈󺀑󺀒󺀉󺀓󺀊󺀋󺀌      
                  
     ,       
            
 
                
        
5.     
 ,                
     ,            
, ,       ,    
 
󽀰󽀱󽀲󽀳󽀷󽀸󽀴󽀹󽀵󽀶  23 , 1757
     150            
    50,000     ,  ,  
              3,000
          
               
   
󷉧󷉨󷉬󷉩󷉪󷉫   
23       -       ,  
 ,            ,
          ,         
    
                
           -    
  ,       -       
   
󽁗 
        ,    
              
         
                
  ,         
󷸒󷸓󷸔󷸖󷸕    
        ;         
             
1.󼰃󼰂 
  ,              
             ,    
      
              
        ,    ,      
   ,        
2.󹳎󹳏 
  ,     -         
    ,             
   
                   
    ,    -          
   
3.󽁌󽁍󽁎 
    ,            
              
                 
     
4.󷇲󷇱   
             
          ,      (1760) 
         (1764)       

                 
5.󹱣󹱤   
               , 
       ,     ,   
                , 
       
󼩏󼩐󼩑  
         :    
 
              ;  
                
         ,    
   
󷆹󷆴󷆽󷆺󷆻󷆼
                
        -     ,  -
      ,      ,  
         
       ,       
                
             
      ,      
2. 1857    , ,       

:󷇲󷇱1857  :   
19           ,    
 ,    ,           
,   ,    -     
             -   ,  1857 
-    
1857    ,               
    , ,       
  ,               - 
󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌 :     
 ,   ,        1800   ,
              
           
             
   ,            
  ,          
        ,       
    ,        ,    
               
?
        -   , 
           1856  " " 
             ,     
    , ,         
     
            
              , 
      ""        
   ,          

 ,   ,         ,  
        ,        
󹳎󹳏 :   
              
        ,       
       -   ,  
              , 
     
      ,       
          -   
       -       
   ,        
           ,  
      ,          
   ,              
         
     ,      ()
              
  ,       
  ,              
        ,    
󹼸󹼹󹼺󹼻   :    
    ,      -    
    -      
       ,   (
)          ,  
       
     ,          
           
      ,       
       -    ,
             
        
   :         
              
     ;         
   : "      "
 ,             
󽀰󽀱󽀲󽀳󽀷󽀸󽀴󽀹󽀵󽀶 :  
 (    )            
       
            
               
   ,          
  1856       , 
               
          
              
            , 
            1857     
         
    ,  -      ,
   ,            
   ;   
        1857   
󹻦󹻧
1857 ,    ,   ,    
          
10  1857        ,     
    
                
   
        , , ,     
    
       ;       ,         

󷘧󷘨  
      :
               
   ,      ,       
     
               ,
        
         ,      
      
     -  ,         
 
󽆪󽆫󽆬:    -
1857              ,   ,
              , 
              
      ,          
  ,           
 ,       , ,   ,   
  ,     
-
3.           ?  ,  
   
:        ,   ,   
-            1757   
  1764              
           ,      
             ?  
        ,    ?    
           ,   
     
   1793        ,  ,  
  -          
  ,           
       ,         
         , --  
     
               
:
"

,















 



,





"
                
               
   
       ,      ,    
   
          1793      
        :
1.   :        ( 
   )           ,  
    
2.       :   , 
              
     ;        
3.  :       ,   
          "" ,  
   
4.   :   ( )     
          ,   
   
5.      :    ( )   
              ,  
     
6.  :  ,         
             
,           -    
 ,    ,       
   
      ,         
     :
1.    :            
               
                
    
2.     :         
            ,   
  ,             

3.      :   ,  
            
         -   , 
       
4.   :          
            
     
5.    :       
              
 
 ,   ,          ,
       
   
,             , 
     
,      -  
  :
1.   :        ,
              
                
     
2.    :           
           
     ,     
3.     :         
            
    ,          , 
       
4.   :           ,
             
                
5.    :       
     ,    
   
   ,        
6.   :           
 ,         -   
          
 ,               , 
            -  
          
   
           :
            , " 
 1,000  ,         "
    ,         
      ,        
     
    1,000         -    
-    
          ,   
  ,      
:    
     ,        ,
        ,      
       ,      ,
            
 ,               
             
 :        , 
     
          ;  ,    
        ,       ,
       -    
   ,       
4.         
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 :     
      19        , 
               
   ;      ,      
             ,   ,
          : "    "
      ,          
   ,  
        , 
        ,      ,  
  ,          
󷊆󷊇   
1.     :   
1824               -

    -        -    

                 
              : "  
,       ?"
                  , 
        
    :       ,     ,
             
  
2.    
1875             
      : ""    ,  ""   
      ,      
   : "           
"
          ,     ,  
        
󷇮󷇭   
              ,  
            :
1.    
      ,      
      ,        
      
      ,   ,    
   
            ,  
         
                   
  ,       
2.  
         
  
             
   ,           
 
      ,       
                , 
   
   ,      
   
              
              
   
              
3.  
               ,   
      - ()  
              
             , 
           
          ,   
        
            
4.  
        ,        
   

     ,       
       
   ,         
      
   ,        
        
                 
5.   
  -           
  
     -      , 
,           
               
      (  )     
               
󷘧󷘨  
              :
    ,      ,   
     ,      
    ,        ,  
       
              
     
            -     
󽆪󽆫󽆬:    
             
              
          ,   ,  
,      
   
         , ,     
  
 1857           ,      
 -         ,     ,   
     
-
5. 1885  1905   
   ,      
:         ;    ,    
   1885  1905   
  (INC)   
   ,          
    ,  19      ,     
    ,           
            
 
   
    1885          ,
  ,    ,       
             ; ,     
                 
 ,  
    
 
            , 
              
               
           28 , 1885 ,
 
      ( )    ,  72
           -     
   
 
   
               , 
       1885-1905        
     :
1.  :         
 ,         ,   
         ,     
     
2.    :        
        ,    
          
3.  :           
     ,         
 
4.  :            
     ,       -
    
5.  : ,        
                
   
 
   
      ?  ,    
-   :
1.    :         
                
             
            
   
2.   :   ,  -  
           
              
3.    :         
  ,        
 
            
    ,       
4.   :           
         ,        
            
 
    (1885-1905)
      ,       
            :
1.  :            
               
             
 
2.   :           ,
1892             
       ,        
      
3.    :    ,     
   
        ,  
             
    
4.  :    ,       
              "
"              
              

5.    :       "" 
        ,       
              
 
6.    :        ,
  1905         -     
    ,          , 
          
  
              
                  
       ,   ,       
  ,          ,  
         ,    
             
    (1905)
1905 ,              
   
          ,
               
 
,      ,       
       " "      ,    

              

1885  1905   
         
           ,       
  ,             
   ,           
   ,           
, 
              
 
 , 1885  1905               
        ,        
                
 ,                
 ,             
       
6.             ?
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 :  
""   
                    
        1920         
:         ,      ,   
,           ,      
  
           : "  
        "
      (1920-22)          
,              
  ,             
󷇮󷇭       
1.      
   (1914-18)              
 ,             
,            
             
      
 ,           ,
          
           
2.   (1919): “ 
1919 ,      ,        
              
    
   
      
          
   
        ,      
,             
               
    
3.    (1919):   
13  1919 ,  ,           
              
      
        
                 
                 
   ,       ,      
       
4. -  (1919):  ,  
    , 1919         ,
   (       )  
  
        
,             
    ,        
5.   (1919-24):   
 ,              
          ,    
        
  (     )       

    :      ,  
      
 -       
6.       
1920 ,  
              
        ,         
     : "        , 
         "
 , 1920        
󽁗 :    
                    
     :
         
 
             
    :       
 
    
   ..        
   
           (   
)  
            
        
      , , ,      
 ,          ;   
   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
      1920  1922    ,      
       :
1.  
 ,            , 
  ,  ,            

   
2. 
- 
               
    ,       
3.    
               
  ,               
      
4.    
 ,       ,   ,  
             ,   
    ""  
5.    
               
  -  ,   ,    
6.     
              
     
7.     
 1922  -   (         
     )         ,   
     :        
  ,             
 
󷘧󷘨  
   :
    ,      
    

    ,           
   ,               

               
         -  
      
   
󽆪󽆫󽆬:   
          ;       
      ,        
    1922    ,      
     ,      1947     
   ,    ""        ,  
            
 ""  
 ,         
-
7. 1909  -        
:  20           
      ,            
           1909 ,   
         ,    
         -     ,  
         ,    
  1909  -       ,  1909   
   
:    
1900     ,        
  (INC)
              
    ,          , 
      -       
:          ,   
 ""        
1906 ,             ,     
                
              ,
               
      , 1909  -    
:   
            :
1.    
    "- "      1909  ,     , 
    ,           
   ,       -     
               
  ,          
  ,       60  , 
 ()  - ()    
      
,      
              -  
()       
2.     
           
    
     :
        
   ,         
             
         ""         
 ,      ,        
         :  ,   ;
 ,      
3.     
          ,   
         
        ;      
  
      
,        
   
                
            ,  
 
4.      ( )
 ,               
  
           
               ; 
      
             ,    
              
    
5.     
     ,      ,  
           
       ,      
      
 ,              
 
               
  
    
-          ,    -
       :
1.      : ,    
            ,    
            
2.    :     ,  
           
     
3.   : ,    
              
    ,        
    
: -   
      ,        ? 
   :
1.   :        , 
               , 
         
2.     :  ,   
  
,             
         "     "   ,
      
3.      :   , 
   ,         
  -     
4.   :   ,     

        ,   
   
  : -   
-               
                  
           
         
      ,    
    
   
         
    
  ,                  
     ,          
 
     
       ()        ()
                 :
 ,        
"       ,      "
"         ,     
  "
              , 
     -        
:   ,   
 , 1909  -             ,
               ,  
   ,           
,             -
  
         ,   
  ,          ,  1919 
-           
 , -          -  , ,   
           
8.        ?      

:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  :   
  "   "
  -          ,       
                 ,   1942
 ,        
    :         ,      
,                 
 ,         ,       , 
  :
 !”
                  
           ,      
         
󷇮󷇭    
1.     
1939              
        
   ,           
 ,        
     
-   ,  ,    
    
     :             
,         ?
2.     (1942)
1942 ,                ,
     (    )  
               
  
             - 

               
3.  
 
1940   ,             - 
       
    (1920-22)      (1930-34)    
     
    ,        
       
4.      
  ,         1942 ,   ()  
            
             
                
       :     
5.       
           
8  1942          : "  
       ;         
  "
                 
   
󽁗  :  
          9  1942 
            
     
             
            ,   
       
             ,   
    
          -   -  ,  

󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼    
         ,      
              
   
1.   
              
   -  , ,  ,  -    
               

                

2.      
      ,     ,    

       
           ,   ( ),
 (
)   ()
             -      

3.   
           
      100,000       
        
          ,     
 
4.       
             
  ,            

              
 
           
5. 
 
          
              
              
     
                 ,  
     
6.     
            
       
          -  
1942  ,             
   
󷘧󷘨  
            :
    ,       ,        
     
    -      ,      
        
               
       
             
    ,           
                
󽆪󽆫󽆬:     
1942                
     ,  
  ,    : ",   
  ,    ,          "
    ,            
 , 1947 ,   
         :     , 
  
               

     ,         ,     
             
"              
     ,     "